Journal of Tax Reform
Taxation-Based Indicators as a Measure of Income Inequality in Russian Regions
A.A. Pugachev
P.G. Demidov Yаroslavl State University, Yаroslavl, Russian Federation
Abstract
Russia is one of the most unequal of the world’s major economies, with its wealth and income inequalities having drastically increased in recent years. This study aims to describe the influence of the flat personal income tax on income inequality in Russia and its regional characteristics by analyzing per capita tax revenues. The hypothesis is that the system of income taxation that existed in Russia until 2021 did not help reduce income inequality but on the contrary, exacerbated it, which is particularly evident on the regional level. Methodologically, the article relies on statistical analysis of concentration indices, time series analysis, index method, and comparative analysis. The calculations were made with the help of the Analysis ToolPack in MS Excel by using the data on 85 Russian regions. To test the hypothesis, 7 indicators were calculated: the range of variation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, decile ratio of funds, decile ratio of differentiation, quintile ratio of funds, and the Gini index for 85 Russian regions for the period from 2006 to 2020. In the given period, these indicators remained steadily at a high level with a slight decrease in 2008–2010. Judging by the dynamics of the Gini index calculated by Rosstat, income inequality tended to decline although there were no significant changes in the regional differences in income while regional inequality also remained high. Monetary income and gross regional product are distributed more evenly across Russian regions in comparison with the personal income tax revenues and tax revenues in general of the regional governments’ consolidated budgets. The findings confirm the hypothesis and show that the personal income tax, which is an essential element of the tax system, exacerbated the situation of inequality in Russian regions. These findings can be of use to policy-makers and contribute to further research on taxation instruments and their potential to reduce or mitigate inequality.
Keywords
personal income tax, inequality, income inequality, differentiation, stratification, Gini index, equalization
JEL classification
H21, H24References
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Acknowledgements
The article was prepared supported by the grant of the President of the Russian Federation No. MK-2397.2022.2.
About Authors
Andrey A. Pugachev – Cand. Sci. (Econ.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Finance and Credit, P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University (14 Sovetskaya str., Yaroslavl, 150003), ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7989-6353; e-mail: andrxim@yandex.ru.
For citation
Pugachev A.A. Taxation-Based Indicators as a Measure of Income Inequality in Russian Regions. Journal of Tax Reform. 2022;8(1):40–53. doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2022.8.1.107
Article info
Received January 31, 2022; Revised March 15, 2022; Accepted April 5, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2022.8.1.107
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